Advertisement
Large Molecule Therapeutics

Characterization of SGN-CD123A, A Potent CD123-Directed Antibody–Drug Conjugate for Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Fu Li, May Kung Sutherland, Changpu Yu, Roland B. Walter, Lori Westendorf, John Valliere-Douglass, Lucy Pan, Ashley Cronkite, Django Sussman, Kerry Klussman, Michelle Ulrich, Martha E. Anderson, Ivan J. Stone, Weiping Zeng, Mechthild Jonas, Timothy S. Lewis, Maitrayee Goswami, Sa A. Wang, Peter D. Senter, Che-Leung Law, Eric J. Feldman and Dennis R. Benjamin
DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-17-0742 Published February 2018

Abstract

Treatment choices for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients resistant to conventional chemotherapies are limited and novel therapeutic agents are needed. IL3 receptor alpha (IL3Rα, or CD123) is expressed on the majority of AML blasts, and there is evidence that its expression is increased on leukemic relative to normal hematopoietic stem cells, which makes it an attractive target for antibody-based therapy. Here, we report the generation and preclinical characterization of SGN-CD123A, an antibody–drug conjugate using the pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer (PBD) linker and a humanized CD123 antibody with engineered cysteines for site-specific conjugation. Mechanistically, SGN-CD123A induces activation of DNA damage response pathways, cell-cycle changes, and apoptosis in AML cells. In vitro, SGN-CD123A–mediated potent cytotoxicity of 11/12 CD123+ AML cell lines and 20/23 primary samples from AML patients, including those with unfavorable cytogenetic profiles or FLT3 mutations. In vivo, SGN-CD123A treatment led to AML eradication in a disseminated disease model, remission in a subcutaneous xenograft model, and significant growth delay in a multidrug resistance xenograft model. Moreover, SGN-CD123A also resulted in durable complete remission of a patient-derived xenograft AML model. When combined with a FLT3 inhibitor quizartinib, SGN-CD123A enhanced the activity of quizartinib against two FLT3-mutated xenograft models. Overall, these data demonstrate that SGN-CD123A is a potent antileukemic agent, supporting an ongoing trial to evaluate its safety and efficacy in AML patients (NCT02848248). Mol Cancer Ther; 17(2); 554–64. ©2017 AACR.

Introduction

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is the most common form of adult leukemia and patients with AML need new therapies. The older patients who are unable to receive intensive chemotherapy have an extremely poor prognosis, with a median overall survival between 5 and 10 months (1, 2). For younger and fit patients, the intensive treatment options include multiagent chemotherapy with or without allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. However, most AML patients will experience disease recurrence within 3 years after diagnosis, and will thus require alternative treatment options (2).

One of the approaches is to use monoclonal antibodies that bind to leukemia cells. The alpha chain of interleukin receptor 3, CD123, is an important antigen for AML. Upon binding of IL-3, CD123 forms a heterodimer with the beta subunit of the IL-3 receptor leading to the transduction of intracellular signals associated with cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival (3). Multiple studies have demonstrated that CD123 is expressed on the surface of blasts in the majority of patients with AML (4, 5), with expression levels detected at significantly higher levels compared with those seen in normal CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors (6, 7). Expression levels of CD123 on AML cells vary depending on genetic and molecular subtypes (5). It has been reported that high CD123 levels on blasts is associated with increased resistance to apoptotic cell death and activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 pathway (8). In addition, clinical studies showed that increased CD123 expression was associated with higher blast counts at presentation and reduced responses to chemotherapy (9).

In addition to myeloblast cells from patients with AML, CD123 has been found selectively expressed on the leukemic stem cell (LSC) population as measured by both flow cytometry and functional assays (6, 10). The LSC population is of particular interest in AML, because it has been linked to chemotherapy resistance and potentially responsible for the persistence of minimal residual disease in patients in hematologic complete remission, which may ultimately lead to relapse (11, 12). Clinical data have demonstrated that patients with elevated LSC populations at baseline (as measured by CD34+/CD38−/CD123+ cells) have significantly worse outcomes when compared with patients with minimal LSC populations (13). Importantly, CD123 expression is very low or absent from normal hematopoietic stem cells, suggesting a therapeutic window of opportunity for CD123-directed therapies (14). Preclinical studies with anti-CD123 antibodies have suggested that targeting these cells is associated with a reduction in LSCs and increased survival in xenograft models (10). These studies provide a strong rationale to develop CD123-directed therapy in patients with AML.

In the present study, we report the preclinical development of SGN-CD123A, a pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer (PBD)–based antibody–drug conjugate targeting CD123 on AML cells. In vitro, SGN-CD123A specifically binds to and is internalized into CD123+ cells. The ADC was found to kill AML cell lines and primary AML samples at concentrations between 0.02 and 2.5 ng/mL. Moreover, neither cytogenetic profiles nor multiple drug resistance (MDR) status affected the activity of SGN-CD123A. In both MDR+ and MDR− xenograft models, treatment with single dose of SGN-CD123A yielded tumor remissions. Furthermore, SGN-CD123A also mediated complete remissions of a patient-derived AML model. Finally, we also demonstrated that SGN-CD123A combines effectively with a FLT3 inhibitor, quizartinib (15), in FLT3-mutated AML models.

Materials and Methods

Cell culture

AML cell lines THP-1 (ATCC TIB-20), MV4-11(ATCC CRL-9591), KG-1 (ATCC CCL-246), TF-1α(ATCC CRL-2451), and HEL92.1.7 (ATCC TIB-180) were obtained from the ATCC. The cell lines HNT-34(ACC-600), MOLM-13(ACC-554), EOL-1(ACC-386), NOMO-1(ACC-542), SKM-1(ACC-547), GDM-1(ACC-87), and Kasumi-1(ACC-220) were obtained from German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH. All cells were authenticated and confirmed free of Mycoplasma using CellCheck 16 analysis and IMPACT testing (IDEXX BioResearch). RPMI-1640 medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% heat inactivated FBS (Gibco) was used to grow TF1-α, HEL92.1.7, EOL-1, NOMO-1, THP-1, and HNT-34 cells. RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 20% FBS was used for MOLM-13, SKM-1, GDM-1, and Kasumi-1 cells. IMDM (Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 20% FBS was used to culture MV-4-11 and KG-1 cells. All cells were maintained in a humidified 37°C incubator with 5% CO2.

Antibody production and conjugation preparation

h7G3ec antibody was produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and purified before conjugation (Seattle Genetics, Inc.). The full amino acid sequence is shown in Supplementary Fig. S4. The conjugation of PBD dimers to antibodies with engineered cysteines (S239C) has been described previously (16). The nonbinding control ADC is composed of a recombinant humanized IgG1 with S239C-engineered cysteine mutations and PBD dimer drug linker.

Flow cytometry

Quantitation of CD123 antigen on cell surface was performed using QIFIKit following the manufacturer's directions (Agilent Technologies). Briefly, cells were washed and stained with primary anti-CD123 antibody (BD Biosciences) or mouse IgG2a (BD Biosciences) on ice for 30 minutes. The cells were then washed and stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled secondary antibody. The calibration beads of the QIFIKit were also stained with FITC conjugate using the same condition. After flow cytometry analysis on FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences), antigen number was determined using the geometric means of the samples stained with CD123 antibody, isotype control, and calibration beads.

To determine the binding affinity on CD123 cells, h7G3ec, SGN-CD123A, and hIgG1 were conjugated with Alexa Fluor-647 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and incubated with prewashed MV4-11 cells for 60 minutes on ice at various concentrations (between 0 and 996 nmol/L; 1 nmol/L = 151 ng/mL). The stained cells were analyzed on Attune NxT flow cytometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and the geometric means of the data were fitted in GraphPad for dissociation constant.

Western blot analysis

Western blot analyses of phosphorylated H2AX, total H2AX, and phosphorylated-ATM were performed with protein extracts from HNT-34 cells that had been treated with 0, 1, 5, or 10 ng/mL of SGN-CD123A for 48 hours and either lysed using cell lysis buffer (Cell Signaling Technology) or extracted for histone using the EpiSeeker Kit (Abcam). These following primary antibodies were used for Western blot analysis: rabbit anti-H2AX (Abcam), mouse anti–phospho-γH2AXS139 (Millipore), rabbit anti-cleaved PARP (Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit anti–P-ATM S1981 (Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit anti–phospho-P53S15(Cell Signaling Technology) and mouse anti–beta-actin (Cell Signaling Technology). For detection, membranes were than incubated with secondary antibodies IRDye800CW goat anti-rabbit IgG (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE) or IRDye680RD goat anti-mouse IgG (LI-COR), and imaged on an Odyssey LX imager (Li-COR).

Internalization assay

Cells were incubated on ice with 1 μg/mL SGN-CD123 for 30 minutes before returning to 37°C incubator for 0, 4, or 24 hours. Cells were then washed, fixed, and permeabilized using Cytofix/Cytoperm buffer (BD Biosciences) before stained with anti-human IgG Fc antibody (BD Biosciences) and anti-lysosomal-associated membrane protein1 (LAMP-1, BD Biosciences). Nuclei were stained with 4′,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride (DAPI). Images were acquired with an Olympus IX83 microscope equipped with a Hamamatsu digital camera (C11440).

In vitro cytotoxicity assays

Cells were grown at densities between 5,000 and 10,000 per well in 96-well plates in their respective growth medium, supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated human serum (Gemini Bioproducts) to block non-specific uptake of ADCs by FcγR. Cells were exposed to ADCs for 96 hours at 37°C incubator with 5% CO2. Cell viability was determined using Cell-Titer Glo following the manufacturer's instructions. The IC50 value of each drug was determined using Prism 6 (GraphPad).

The effect of SGN-CD123A on primary patient isolates was determined by incubating samples with increasing concentrations of SGN-CD123A for 96 hours before flow cytometric analyses of live/dead cells. Data are expressed as IC50, the concentration of ADC required to give a 50% reduction in cell viability. CD123 expression on bulk tumor cells and the CD34+ subset was determined by flow cytometry and expressed as median fluorescence intensity (MFI).

Caspase measurement

Caspase activity was measured using Caspas-3/7 Glo kit according to the manufacturer's guide. Briefly, AML cells were cultured in the presence of various concentrations of SGN-CD123A or control ADCs in 96-well plates for 48 hours, before the addition of Caspas-3/7 Glo reagent. The luminescence was then measured on an Envision plate reader (PerkinElmer).

Animal studies

All animal experiments were performed according to Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee guidelines. Five million MOLM-13 cells were injected intravenously into severe combined immune deficiency mice (SCID, Harlan Laboratories) to establish disseminated disease. All animals received 10 mg/kg human immune globulin (hIVIg, Grifols Therapeutics Inc.) to block nonspecific uptake from the Fc receptors on blast cells one-day prior ADC administration. ADCs were injected intraperitoneally post hIVIg administration. Animals were monitored for signs of disease, including weight loss and hind limb paralysis as the termination signal. KG-1 cells (ATCC CCL-246) were implanted subcutaneously into SCID mice, and ADCs were administered intraperitoneally when the average tumor volume reached 100 mm3. Tumor growth was measured using a digital caliper and the volume was calculated using the formula V = 0.5 × length × width2. The establishment and characterization of the AML patient–derived xenograft model has been described previously (17). Disease burden was determined using flow cytometry of human CD45 in bone marrow. ADCs were given at 300 μg/kg twice intraperitoneally in this model. For combination studies, quizartinib (LC Laboratories) was given orally daily for 21 days, whereas ADCs were given once intraperitoneally at the doses specified in each figure.

Statistical analysis

Error bars in xenograft tumor volume measurement represent standard error of means. Two-way ANOVA test was used to compare tumor volume. Survival analysis of xenograft was performed using the time for tumor volume to quadruple for subcutaneous xenograft models. The log-rank test was used to determine statistical significance of survival analysis.

Analysis of patient samples

The design of studies using patient samples were reviewed and approved by institutional review boards of either Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center or Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center. Patients were consented for the research use of the samples. CD123 expression on AML cell lines and AML patients was determined using phycoerythrin conjugated mouse anti-CD123 antibody (BD Biosciences). Blasts of AML patients were first characterized by a panel of antibodies (CD45, CD34, CD38, CD3, CD7, CD19, and CD33) that are routinely used for clinical work-up of AML. The blast gating was primarily based on CD45 and side scatter. If the blasts were uniformly positive for CD34, the CD34 gate was also applied for better delineation of the blast population (Supplementary Fig. S1).

Results

Expression of CD123 on AML patients

It has been reported that CD123 is expressed on the surface of blasts in the majority of patients with AML (4, 5). To confirm the prevalence of CD123 expression, we surveyed a cohort of 52 AML patients using multicolor flow cytometry. Fifteen of these patients had newly diagnosed AML, whereas 37 patients had recurrent or persistent disease. These cases included various morphologic subtypes and AML with high-risk molecular genetic abnormalities. In line with previous studies, CD123 expression was detected on more than 50% leukemic blasts (CD34+) among 48 (92%) patients (e.g., Fig. 1A). Furthermore, 45 of these 48 patients (94%) had CD123 expression on that blast that was 10-fold higher than the background (Fig. 1B). These data confirm the potential of CD123 as a target for antibody-based therapies for the treatment of AML.

Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Expression of CD123 in AML patients. A, Flow-cytometry staining of CD123 of CD34+ blasts of one AML patient. FMO: Fluorescence minus one control, which contains all other fluorochromes except CD123. B, CD123 expression in 52 AML patients was determined using flow cytometry. MFIR: median fluorescence intensity ratio calculated by the CD123-PE intensity over FMO control.

Conjugation and characterization of SGN-CD123A

To produce a CD123-targeted ADC, we first humanized a murine anti-CD123 antibody by replacing the complementarity determining regions and select framework residues in a human germline antibody with the corresponding murine sequence to retain binding affinity and maximize homology to the human acceptor sequence. To enable site-specific conjugation, we further introduced an engineered cysteine at amino acid position 239 in each heavy chain, yielding humanized antibody h7G3ec (17, 18). SGN-CD123A is generated by conjugation of SGD-1910, a chemical intermediate that contains both the pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer (PBD) payload and the valine–alanine dipeptide linker, to the two engineered cysteine residues of h7G3ec (ref. 16; Fig. 2A). SGN-CD123A incorporates approximately two SGD-1910 molecules per antibody molecule.

Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Structure, binding, and internalization of SGN-CD123A. A, Chemical structure of SGN-CD123A, comprised of the monoclonal antibody h7G3ec and drug linker (SGD-1910). B, Binding kinetics of SGN-CD123A and h7G3ec to CD123+ MV4-11 cells, as measured by flow cytometry. The highest MFI was set to 100% for normalization. C, Immunofluorescence staining of SGN-CD123A (red, staining human IgG Fc kappa chain), lysosome (green, staining LAMP-1), and nucleus (blue, staining 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole). Images from 0, 4, and 24 hours post-ADC incubation are represented. When ADC trafficks to the lysosomes and colocalizes with LAMP-1, the resulting signal is projected as yellow in the merged images (arrows).

We next evaluated the binding of h7G3ec and SGN-CD123A to CD123 using a flow cytometry–based cell-binding assay. On CD123+ MV4-11 cells, both unconjugated antibody and ADC showed high-affinity binding to CD123 (Fig. 2B). The equilibrium dissociation constant values of h7G3ec and SGN-CD123A were 7.6 nmol/L (1.15 μg/mL) and 6 nmol/L (0.92 μg/mL), respectively.

Once bound to surface antigens, ADCs are internalized through endosomes and trafficked to lysosomes for drug release (19). Consistent with this, binding of SGN-CD123A to AML cells resulted in rapid internalization of the ADC–CD123 complex as detected by fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 2C). SGN-CD123A and lysosomes were stained using antibodies recognizing human Fc (red), or the lysosomal marker LAMP-1(green), respectively. SGN-CD123A was detected on surface and the lysosomes were distinct and punctate at time zero (T = 0). Within 4 to 24 hours, SGN-CD123A was readily detected inside cells and co-localized with LAMP-1 (yellow), showing rapid internalization and trafficking to the lysosomes.

In vitro cytotoxic activity on AML cell lines

We then evaluated the cytotoxic potential of SGN-CD123A in 13 AML cell lines, of which 12 expressed between 2,000 and 26,100 copies of CD123 on the cell surface. SGN-CD123A was highly active in 11 of 12 CD123+ AML cell lines tested (mean IC50, 6 ng/mL; range of 0.02 to 38 ng/mL). For example, SGN-CD123A killed HNT-34 cells with an IC50 value of 0.2 ng/mL, whereas neither the control ADC nor unconjugated h7G3ec were cytotoxic (Fig. 3A). The PBD dimer–based payload has been reported to overcome MDR (17). We evaluated the activity of SGN-CD123A in five MDR+ cell lines (KG-1-ATCC8031 and KG-1-CCL246, GDM-1, Kasumi-1 and TF1-α). SGN-CD123A was highly active against four of the five cell lines (Table 1). For instance, KG-1 cells are MDR+, but SGN-CD123A–mediated cell killing with an IC50 value of 0.8 ng/mL Fig. 3B. Importantly, the cytotoxic activity was immunologically specific, as the non-binding control ADC showed minimal activity (Fig. 3A and B). Moreover, SGN-CD123A was not cytotoxic against the CD123-negative HEL92.1.7 AML cell line, further supporting target-specificity (Table 1).

Figure 3.
Figure 3.

In vitro cytotoxicity of SGN-CD123A on leukemia cell lines. A, In vitro cytotoxicity of SGN-CD123A, a non-binding control ADC, and h7G3ec on HNT-34 cells. ADCs were titrated in growth media and cells were incubated with ADC for 96 hours. Cell viability was normalized to untreated cells. B, In vitro cytotoxicity of SGN-CD123A and non-binding control ADC on MDR+ KG-1 cells.

View this table:
Table 1.

In vitro cytotoxicity of SGN-CD123A on AML cell lines

In vitro activity of SGN-CD123A in primary AML patient specimens

We also evaluated the cytotoxic potential of SGN-CD123A on blast samples isolated from 23 AML patients (Table 2). These patients had favorable (n = 3), intermediate (n = 15), or adverse (n = 5) cytogenetic profiles. Fourteen of these patients also had FLT3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3/ITD), a mutation that correlates with poor prognosis in AML (20). Twenty-six percent (6/23) of patients had mutations in nucleophosmin gene (NPM1), which is associated with good prognosis in AML patients (21). Consistent with the cell line data shown in Table 1, the cytogenetic profiles did not affect the cytotoxicity of SGN-CD123A. In fact, 20 of 23 primary samples showed an IC50 value of 0.8 ng/mL (Table 2 and Supplementary Fig. S2A and S2B). Also in agreement with our cell line data, 14 out of the 15 MDR+ AML samples had EC50 values of SGN-CD123A of 0.06 to 2.5 ng/mL, indicating that SGN-CD123A can also overcome MDR in primary AML samples.

View this table:
Table 2.

In vitro cytotoxicity of SGN-CD123A on primary AML patient samples

Cell death kinetics induced by SGN-CD123A

The mechanism of SGN-CD123A–mediated cytotoxicity starts with the release of PBD dimers upon internalization. Upon release, the PBD dimer can crosslink DNA and induce a DNA damage response (17). One of the early markers of DNA damage is phosphorylated histone 2AX (pγH2AX; ref. 22). SGN-CD123A induced pγH2AX in a dose-dependent manner in HNT-34 cells (Fig. 4A). Induction of pγH2AX was also confirmed using flow cytometry, where we found that 5 ng/mL SGN-CD123A induced a 6-fold increase of pH2AX in HNT-34 cells within 48 hours post ADC treatment (Supplementary Fig. S3A). A similar magnitude of pγH2AX increase was also observed in KG-1 and THP-1 cells after the treatment of SGN-CD123A (Supplementary Fig. S3B and S3C). Accompanying the pH2AX was the phosphorylation and, hence, the activation of the ataxia telangiectasia–mutated (ATM) kinase (p-ATM, Fig. 4A), which is known to trigger the cascade of events leading to cell-cycle arrest as the cells attempt DNA repair (23). Sensing DNA damage response, P53 will be phosphorylated and trigger cell-cycle arrest (24). Increased level of phosphorylated P53 protein and cell-cycle arrest were observed in SGN-CD123A–treated cells (Fig. 4B). Indeed, cell-cycle distribution analysis of SGN-CD123A–treated cells confirmed arrest in the G2–M phase in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 4C). Concomitant with the pileup in the G2–M phase were marked decreases in the fraction of cells found in the G1 and S phases.

Figure 4.
Figure 4.

DNA damage responses and cell-cycle changes induced by SGN-CD123A. A, Western blot of phosphorylated H2AX, total H2AX, and phosphorylated-ATM in protein extracts from HNT-34 cells treated with 0, 1, 2, or 5 ng/mL of SGN-CD123A for 48 hours. B, Western blot staining of phosphorylated P53, cleaved PARP, and beta-actin of HNT-34 cells treated with SGN-CD123A at indicated concentrations for 48 hours. C, Cell-cycle analysis of HNT-34 cells after treatment of SGN-CD123A at indicated concentrations. The cell-cycle phase was determined using propidium iodide staining. D, Flow-cytometry analysis of cleaved caspase-3 of HNT-34 cells after the treatment with SGN-CD123A, control ADC, free PBD drug, or cisplatin. The x-axis represents the molar concentrations of each reagents and y-axis represents the fold difference of mean fluorescence intensity between treated cells and untreated cells. Each data point is the average of two replicates and the experiment has been repeated twice.

When DNA repair mechanisms fail, the pathway to apoptosis and cell death is initiated. Activation of cysteinyl-aspartic acid proteases (caspases) is an important early step leading to cleavage of cellular proteins such as PARP and apoptosis (Fig. 4B). Caspase-3 activity was measured by flow cytometry. SGN-CD123A increased caspase-3 activity in HNT-34 cells in the low picomolar range, more potent than the free PBD molecule. In contrast, it took 25 μmol/L cisplatin to induce the same level of caspase activity, whereas the non-binding control ADC treatment had no caspase induction (Fig. 4D). SGN-CD123A also induced caspase-3, in a dose-dependent manner, in the GDM-1 cells that express 5500 CD123 on cell surface (Supplementary Fig. S3D).

Anti-leukemic activity on xenograft models

Next, we evaluated the activity of SGN-CD123A against a panel of leukemia cell line–based xenograft models. First, in the disseminated disease model established from MOLM-13 cells, a single dose of SGN-CD123A at 10 or 30 μg/kg yielded a significant survival advantage over a non-binding control ADC. All eight mice that received the non-binding control died within 32 days. In contrast, none of the SGN-CD123A–treated animals showed any signs of disease by the end of study (Fig. 5A).

Figure 5.
Figure 5.

In vivo anti-leukemic activity of SGN-CD123A. A, Survival plot of disseminated leukemia model MOLM-13 after SGN-CD123A treatment. MOLM-13 cells were intravenously implanted in SCID mice and animals received a dose of SGN-CD123A (10 or 30 μg/kg) or control ADC (30 μg/kg). All animals who received SGN-CD123A remained alive until the end of study (day 80). N = 8 mice per group. B, Tumor volume measurement of HNT-34 xenografts. HNT-34 tumors were subcutaneously implanted on SCID mice and ADCs were given once when average tumor volume reached 100 mm3 (n = 8 per group, P < 0.0001 using two-way ANOVA test). C, Tumor volume measurement of MDR+ KG-1 xenograft implanted subcutaneously in SCID mice. Animals were dosed once with either SGN-CD123A or control ADC at 300 μg/kg (n = 8 each group, P = 0.0003 using two-way ANOVA test). D, Flow cytometry of staining for CD123 and human CD45 of leukemic blasts from patient-derived xenograft model AML06227 grown in NSG mice. E, Measurement of CD45+ blasts in bone marrow of AML06227 PDX mice that were treated with SGN-CD123A or control ADC. Mice were randomized and treated when the average blast in the bone marrow cells reached 50%. Two mice were sacrificed and analyzed for blast percentage at each time point.

In a subcutaneous xenograft model established from HNT-34 cells, a single injection of 25 μg/kg of SGN-CD123A led to 50 days of tumor stasis. On the other hand, a single dose of 75 μg/kg of SGN-CD123A treatment resulted in remission of tumors in all of the 8 mice. The control ADC (75 μg/kg) led to an initial tumor growth delay out to day 40 post-implantation, followed by rapid tumor regrowth. These data indicate potent, antigen-specific activity of SGN-CD123A in vivo (Fig. 5B).

To assess the activity of SGN-CD123A in the MDR+ xenograft models, we implanted KG-1-CCL246 cells subcutaneously in SCID mice. In this model, a single dose of 300 μg/kg SGN-CD123A significantly decreased tumor growth, including four durable remissions (P = 0.008 using log-rank test). This is in contrast with treatment with a non-binding control ADC, which did not slow the growth rate (Fig. 5C).

Patient-derived xenograft models are thought to better mimic the physiology of AML patients, and thus better predict the clinical performance of drugs (25). The anti-leukemic activity of SGN-CD123A was also evaluated in a primary AML model, AML06-227 (17). Flow-cytometric analysis showed that that approximately 47% of the bone marrow consisted of CD45+ human blasts at 53 days post implant. Moreover, 93% of the blasts expressed CD123 (Fig. 5D). Remarkably, two injections of SGN-CD123A eliminated the blasts cells in the bone marrow until the end of study (124 days post implant). In contrast, the non-binding control ADC had no impact on the disease burden during the course of study (Fig. 5E).

Combination of SGN-CD123A and quizartinib

Approximately 23% of AML patients carry a mutation in the FLT3 gene (20, 26). Coincidentally, AML patients carrying FLT3 mutations have higher level of CD123 expression (27, 28). Because it is possible that FLT3 mutated AML patients will receive both a FLT3 inhibitor and SGN-CD123A during clinical studies, we evaluated whether the combination of quizartinib, a FLT3-ITD specific inhibitor, and SGN-CD123A provides additional efficacy in vivo.

In the FLT3/ITD, subcutaneous MOLM-13 xenograft model, 2 mg/kg daily dosing of quizartinib led to a modest growth delay. Injection of 25 μg/kg SGN-CD123A led to growth delay in five animals and remission in another animal. Strikingly, combination of SGN-CD123A and quizartinib led to durable remissions in five out the six tumor-bearing animals (Fig. 6A). Using tumor-quadrupling time as a measurement of survival, the combination group showed significant extension, with a median survival longer than 70 days. In contrast, the median survival for quizartinib and SGN-CD123A was 24 and 36 days, respectively (Fig. 6B). In addition, we observed a similar combination benefit between SGN-CD123A and quizartinib in another FLT3/ITD xenograft model MV4-11. Although SGN-CD123A and quizartinib led to growth delays, the combination resulted in remissions lasting longer than 80 days (Fig. 6C and D). Furthermore, the quizartinib and SGN-CD123A were specific to FLT3-mutant tumor models, as in FLT3 wild type HNT-34 tumor model, quizartinib has no activity on its own and it did not influence the activity of SGN-CD123A (Fig. 6E and F).

Figure 6.
Figure 6.

Combination of SGN-CD123A and quizartinib. A, Tumor volume measurement of MOLM-13 xenografts after the treatment of quizartinib (2 mg/kg, qdx21 po), SGN-CD123A (25 μg/kg, once i.p.), or the two agents given in combination. Each line represents the tumor volume of an individual animal (n = 6/group). The experiment was repeated in an independent study. B, Survival plot of the MOLM-13 tumor-bearing animals using tumor volume quadrupling time as readout. The median survival time in untreated, quizartinib, SGN-CD123A, or combination group was 13 days, 24 days, 36 days, and ≥74 days, respectively. P = 0.017 using log rank test comparing SGN-CD123A with combination treatment. C, Tumor volume measurement of MV4-11 xenografts after the treatment of quizartinib (0.4 mg/kg, qdx21 p.o.), SGN-CD123A (10 μg/kg, once i.p.), or in combination (n = 8 in each group). P < 0.001 by two-way ANOVA test. D, Survival analysis of MV4-11 model using tumor volume quadrupling as terminal read. The median survival time for animals in untreated, quizartinib, SGN-CD123A, or combination group was 23, 40, 30, and ≥80 days, respectively. P <0.0001 using log rank test comparing SGN-CD123A with combination. E, Tumor volume of HNT-34 xenografts after the treatment of quizartinib (2 mg/kg, qdx21 p.o.), SGN-CD123A (20 μg/kg, once i.p.), or combination (n = 6 in each group). P = 0.05 using two-way ANOVA test comparing the SGN-CD123A and combination. F, Survival plot of the HNT-34 study using tumor volume quadrupling as termination criteria. The median survival time for animals in untreated, quizartinib, SGN-CD123A, or combination group was 29 days, 30 days, unreached, and unreached, respectively.

Discussion

Every year about 38,000 patients are diagnosed with AML in the United States and European Union (29). Although induction chemotherapy can be effective in some patients, between 10% and 40% of newly diagnosed AML patients are refractory or resistant to the regimen. Even among patients who achieve remission, the majority will relapse between several months and several years after initial treatment (29). These refractory and relapsed AML patients are in need of novel therapeutic approaches.

One hurdle in these patients is MDR, which confers resistance to gemtuzumab ozogamicin, as calicheamicin is a substrate of MDR proteins (30). PBD dimers-based ADCs, have demonstrated antitumor activity in MDR+ xenograft models and show activity in AML patients (16, 31). Moreover, other PBD-based ADCs, including rovalpituzumab tesirine and ADC-301, have demonstrated clinical activities in small cell lung cancer as well as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (32, 33). Our preclinical results demonstrate that PBD dimers conjugated to a CD123-binding antibody are active in AML cell lines, patient isolates, and xenograft models. Together with the clinical trial results of other PBD-based ADCs, these data support further evaluation of these ADCs for cancer treatment.

Another challenge is the persistence of leukemic stem cells. Multiple studies have demonstrated that there is a hierarchical organization of AML (34), which is thought to be responsible for the relapse of AML. Importantly, CD123 was discovered as a marker of LSC and high CD123 expression on the CD34+CD38− population is associated with poor prognosis (6, 9). CSL362, a CD123 antibody, was shown to reduce the LSC population in xenograft studies (10). In line with this hypothesis, we also observed long-term remission of patient-derived xenografts after SGN-CD123A treatment, suggesting that the drug eradicated the LSC in this model. On the other hand, CD123 was also detected on low percentage of hematopoietic progenitor cells, which may lead to on-target but off-disease side effects of CD123-targeted therapies (7). Because the h7G3ec antibody does not bind to murine CD123, we could not study the potential impact on hematopoietic cells in this study.

A third challenge for AML drug development is the resistance to targeted small-molecule inhibitors (2). For example, FLT3 inhibitors represent a major class of the drugs in development for FLT3-mutated AML patients (26). However, although patients can respond to treatments with FLT3 inhibitors, they almost invariably develop resistance (26). The rationale to combine FLT3 inhibitors with CD123 targeted drugs include: (i) FLT3-mutated patients, especially those carrying the FLT3/ITD mutations, often have higher CD123 than those without FLT3 mutations (5); and (ii) FLT3 mutation and CD123 expression may overlap on the leukemic stem cells (35). Remarkably, our study shows that a low dose of SGN-CD123A significantly improved the activity of quizartinib in two xenograft models. These data may support clinical evaluation of SGN-CD123A in combination with a FLT3 inhibitor.

The overexpression of CD123 on putative LSCs raised major interest in developing CD123-targeting therapeutics as AML therapies. Examples include unconjugated monoclonal antibodies, T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies, immunotoxins, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–modified T cells (36–41). Although each of the modality has its own advantages, our study shows that SGN-CD123A is highly active against AML models regardless of cytogenetic profiles and MDR status, and can be effectively combined with quizartinib. These data support the ongoing clinical trial to evaluate its utility in AML treatment.

Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest

D. Sussman and K. Klussman have ownership interest (including patents) in Seattle Genetics, W. Zeng is a senior research associate at Seattle Genetics, T.S. Lewis is an associate director—Cell Biology and has ownership interest (including patents) in Seattle Genetics, Inc., E.J. Feldman is a medical director, reports receiving a commercial research grant, and has ownership interest (including patents) in Seattle Genetics, D.R. Benjamin has ownership interest (including patents) in Seattle Genetics. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed by the other authors.

Authors' Contributions

Conception and design: F. Li, M.K. Sutherland, C. Yu, P.D. Senter, C.-L. Law, E.J. Feldman, D.R. Benjamin

Development of methodology: M.K. Sutherland, C. Yu, D. Sussman, I.J. Stone, S.A. Wang, P.D. Senter

Acquisition of data (provided animals, acquired and managed patients, provided facilities, etc.): M.K. Sutherland, R.B. Walter, L. Westendorf, J. Valliere-Douglass, A. Cronkite, D. Sussman, K. Klussman, M. Ulrich, M.E. Anderson, W. Zeng, T.S. Lewis, M. Goswami, S.A. Wang

Analysis and interpretation of data (e.g., statistical analysis, biostatistics, computational analysis): F. Li, M.K. Sutherland, J. Valliere-Douglass, L. Pan, A. Cronkite, D. Sussman, K. Klussman, M. Jonas, T.S. Lewis, S.A. Wang, C.-L. Law, E.J. Feldman

Writing, review, and/or revision of the manuscript: F. Li, M.K. Sutherland, R.B. Walter, L. Westendorf, M. Ulrich, M.E. Anderson, W. Zeng, M. Jonas, T.S. Lewis, S.A. Wang, P.D. Senter, C.-L. Law, E.J. Feldman, D.R. Benjamin

Administrative, technical, or material support (i.e., reporting or organizing data, constructing databases): M.K. Sutherland, L. Pan, I.J. Stone, M. Jonas

Study supervision: M.K. Sutherland, P.D. Senter, D.R. Benjamin

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Footnotes

  • Note: Supplementary data for this article are available at Molecular Cancer Therapeutics Online (http://mct.aacrjournals.org/).

  • Received August 4, 2017.
  • Revision received September 19, 2017.
  • Accepted November 9, 2017.

References

  1. 1.↵
    1. Burnett A,
    2. Wetzler M,
    3. Lowenberg B
    . Therapeutic advances in acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:487–94.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  2. 2.↵
    1. Dohner H,
    2. Weisdorf DJ,
    3. Bloomfield CD
    . Acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 2015;373:1136–52.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  3. 3.↵
    1. Guthridge MA,
    2. Stomski FC,
    3. Thomas D,
    4. Woodcock JM,
    5. Bagley CJ,
    6. Berndt MC,
    7. et al.
    Mechanism of activation of the GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5 family of receptors. Stem Cells 1998;16:301–13.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  4. 4.↵
    1. Munoz L,
    2. Nomdedeu JF,
    3. Lopez O,
    4. Carnicer MJ,
    5. Bellido M,
    6. Aventin A,
    7. et al.
    Interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain (CD123) is widely expressed in hematologic malignancies. Haematologica 2001;86:1261–9.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  5. 5.↵
    1. Ehninger A,
    2. Kramer M,
    3. Rollig C,
    4. Thiede C,
    5. Bornhauser M,
    6. von Bonin M,
    7. et al.
    Distribution and levels of cell surface expression of CD33 and CD123 in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Cancer J 2014;4:e218.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  6. 6.↵
    1. Jordan CT,
    2. Upchurch D,
    3. Szilvassy SJ,
    4. Guzman ML,
    5. Howard DS,
    6. Pettigrew AL,
    7. et al.
    The interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain is a unique marker for human acute myelogenous leukemia stem cells. Leukemia 2000;14:1777–84.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  7. 7.↵
    1. Taussig DC,
    2. Pearce DJ,
    3. Simpson C,
    4. Rohatiner AZ,
    5. Lister TA,
    6. Kelly G,
    7. et al.
    Hematopoietic stem cells express multiple myeloid markers: implications for the origin and targeted therapy of acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2005;106:4086–92.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  8. 8.↵
    1. Reddy EP,
    2. Korapati A,
    3. Chaturvedi P,
    4. Rane S
    . IL-3 signaling and the role of Src kinases, JAKs and STATs: a covert liaison unveiled. Oncogene 2000;19:2532–47.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  9. 9.↵
    1. Testa U,
    2. Pelosi E,
    3. Frankel A
    . CD 123 is a membrane biomarker and a therapeutic target in hematologic malignancies. Biomarker Res 2014;2:4.
    OpenUrl
  10. 10.↵
    1. Jin L,
    2. Lee EM,
    3. Ramshaw HS,
    4. Busfield SJ,
    5. Peoppl AG,
    6. Wilkinson L,
    7. et al.
    Monoclonal antibody-mediated targeting of CD123, IL-3 receptor alpha chain, eliminates human acute myeloid leukemic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2009;5:31–42.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  11. 11.↵
    1. Guan Y,
    2. Gerhard B,
    3. Hogge DE
    . Detection, isolation, and stimulation of quiescent primitive leukemic progenitor cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood 2003;101:3142–9.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  12. 12.↵
    1. Konopleva MY,
    2. Jordan CT
    . Leukemia stem cells and microenvironment: biology and therapeutic targeting. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:591–9.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  13. 13.↵
    1. Vergez F,
    2. Green AS,
    3. Tamburini J,
    4. Sarry JE,
    5. Gaillard B,
    6. Cornillet-Lefebvre P,
    7. et al.
    High levels of CD34+CD38low/-CD123+ blasts are predictive of an adverse outcome in acute myeloid leukemia: a Groupe Ouest-Est des Leucemies Aigues et Maladies du Sang (GOELAMS) study. Haematologica 2011;96:1792–8.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  14. 14.↵
    1. Huang S,
    2. Chen Z,
    3. Yu JF,
    4. Young D,
    5. Bashey A,
    6. Ho AD,
    7. et al.
    Correlation between IL-3 receptor expression and growth potential of human CD34+ hematopoietic cells from different tissues. Stem Cells 1999;17:265–72.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  15. 15.↵
    1. Zarrinkar PP,
    2. Gunawardane RN,
    3. Cramer MD,
    4. Gardner MF,
    5. Brigham D,
    6. Belli B,
    7. et al.
    AC220 is a uniquely potent and selective inhibitor of FLT3 for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood 2009;114:2984–92.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  16. 16.↵
    1. Jeffrey SC,
    2. Burke PJ,
    3. Lyon RP,
    4. Meyer DW,
    5. Sussman D,
    6. Anderson M,
    7. et al.
    A potent anti-CD70 antibody-drug conjugate combining a dimeric pyrrolobenzodiazepine drug with site-specific conjugation technology. Bioconjug Chem 2013;24:1256–63.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  17. 17.↵
    1. Kung Sutherland MS,
    2. Walter RB,
    3. Jeffrey SC,
    4. Burke PJ,
    5. Yu C,
    6. Kostner H,
    7. et al.
    SGN-CD33A: a novel CD33-targeting antibody-drug conjugate using a pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer is active in models of drug-resistant AML. Blood 2013;122:1455–63.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  18. 18.↵
    1. Sussman D,
    2. Torrey L,
    3. Westendorf L,
    4. Miyamoto JB,
    5. Meyer DW,
    6. Lyon R,
    7. et al.
    Engineered cysteine drug conjugates show potency and improved safety. Cancer Res 2012;70:5207–12.
    OpenUrl
  19. 19.↵
    1. Francisco JA,
    2. Cerveny CG,
    3. Meyer DL,
    4. Mixan BJ,
    5. Klussman K,
    6. Chace DF,
    7. et al.
    cAC10-vcMMAE, an anti-CD30-monomethyl auristatin E conjugate with potent and selective antitumor activity. Blood 2003;102:1458–65.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  20. 20.↵
    1. Swords R,
    2. Freeman C,
    3. Giles F
    . Targeting the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2012;26:2176–85.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  21. 21.↵
    1. Port M,
    2. Bottcher M,
    3. Thol F,
    4. Ganser A,
    5. Schlenk R,
    6. Wasem J,
    7. et al.
    Prognostic significance of FLT3 internal tandem duplication, nucleophosmin 1, and CEBPA gene mutations for acute myeloid leukemia patients with normal karyotype and younger than 60 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Hematol 2014;93:1279–86.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  22. 22.↵
    1. Rogakou EP,
    2. Nieves-Neira W,
    3. Boon C,
    4. Pommier Y,
    5. Bonner WM
    . Initiation of DNA fragmentation during apoptosis induces phosphorylation of H2AX histone at serine 139. J Biol Chem 2000;275:9390–5.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  23. 23.↵
    1. Maréchal A,
    2. Zou L
    . DNA damage sensing by the ATM and ATR kinases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2013; Sep 1;5(9). pii: a012716.
    OpenUrl
  24. 24.↵
    1. Taylor WR,
    2. Stark GR
    . Regulation of the G2/M transition by p53. Oncogene 2001;20:1803–15.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  25. 25.↵
    1. Townsend EC,
    2. Murakami MA,
    3. Christodoulou A,
    4. Christie AL,
    5. Koster J,
    6. DeSouza TA,
    7. et al.
    The public repository of xenografts enables discovery and randomized phase II-like trials in mice. Cancer Cell 2016;29:574–86.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  26. 26.↵
    1. Konig H,
    2. Levis M
    . Targeting FLT3 to treat leukemia. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015;19:37–54.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  27. 27.↵
    1. Angelini DF,
    2. Ottone T,
    3. Guerrera G,
    4. Lavorgna S,
    5. Cittadini M,
    6. Buccisano F,
    7. et al.
    A leukemia-associated CD34/CD123/CD25/CD99+ immunophenotype identifies FLT3-mutated clones in acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2015;21:3977–85.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  28. 28.↵
    1. Riccioni R,
    2. Pelosi E,
    3. Riti V,
    4. Castelli G,
    5. Lo-Coco F,
    6. Testa U
    . Immunophenotypic features of acute myeloid leukaemia patients exhibiting high FLT3 expression not associated with mutations. Br J Haematol 2011;153:33–42.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  29. 29.↵
    1. Kell J
    . Considerations and challenges for patients with refractory and relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia. Leukemia Res 2016;47:149–60.
    OpenUrl
  30. 30.↵
    1. Linenberger ML,
    2. Hong T,
    3. Flowers D,
    4. Sievers EL,
    5. Gooley TA,
    6. Bennett JM,
    7. et al.
    Multidrug-resistance phenotype and clinical responses to gemtuzumab ozogamicin. Blood 2001;98:988–94.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  31. 31.↵
    1. Stein EM,
    2. Stein A,
    3. Walter RB,
    4. Fathi AT,
    5. Lancet JE,
    6. Kovacsovics TJ,
    7. et al.
    Interim analysis of a phase 1 trial of SGN-CD33A in patients with CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood 2014;124:623-.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  32. 32.↵
    1. Wolska-Washer A,
    2. Robak P,
    3. Smolewski P,
    4. Robak T
    . Emerging antibody-drug conjugates for treating lymphoid malignancies. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2017;22:259–73.
    OpenUrl
  33. 33.↵
    1. Rudin CM,
    2. Pietanza MC,
    3. Bauer TM,
    4. Ready N,
    5. Morgensztern D,
    6. Glisson BS,
    7. et al.
    Rovalpituzumab tesirine, a DLL3-targeted antibody-drug conjugate, in recurrent small-cell lung cancer: a first-in-human, first-in-class, open-label, phase 1 study. Lancet Oncol 2017;18:42–51.
    OpenUrl
  34. 34.↵
    1. Dick JE
    . Acute myeloid leukemia stem cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005;1044:1–5.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  35. 35.↵
    1. Al-Mawali A,
    2. Gillis D,
    3. Lewis I
    . Immunoprofiling of leukemic stem cells CD34+/CD38-/CD123+ delineate FLT3/ITD-positive clones. J Hematol Oncol 2016;9:61.
    OpenUrl
  36. 36.↵
    1. He SZ,
    2. Busfield S,
    3. Ritchie DS,
    4. Hertzberg MS,
    5. Durrant S,
    6. Lewis ID,
    7. et al.
    A phase 1 study of the safety, pharmacokinetics and anti-leukemic activity of the anti-CD123 monoclonal antibody CSL360 in relapsed, refractory or high-risk acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2015;56:1406–15.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  37. 37.↵
    1. Smith BD,
    2. Roboz GJ,
    3. Walter RB,
    4. Altman JK,
    5. Ferguson A,
    6. Curcio TJ,
    7. et al.
    First-in man, phase 1 study of CSL362 (Anti-IL3Rα/Anti-CD123 Monoclonal Antibody) in patients with CD123+ acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in CR at high risk for early relapse. Blood 2014;124:120-.
    OpenUrl
  38. 38.↵
    1. Al-Hussaini M,
    2. Rettig MP,
    3. Ritchey JK,
    4. Karpova D,
    5. Uy GL,
    6. Eissenberg LG,
    7. et al.
    Targeting CD123 in acute myeloid leukemia using a T-cell-directed dual-affinity retargeting platform. Blood 2016;127:122–31.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  39. 39.↵
    1. Chu SY,
    2. Pong E,
    3. Chen H,
    4. Phung S,
    5. Chan EW,
    6. Endo NA,
    7. et al.
    Immunotherapy with long-lived anti-CD123 × anti-CD3 bispecific antibodies stimulates potent T cell-mediated killing of human AML cell lines and of CD123+ cells in monkeys: a potential therapy for acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 2014;124:2316-.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  40. 40.↵
    1. Luo Y,
    2. Chang L-J,
    3. Hu Y,
    4. Dong L,
    5. Wei G,
    6. Huang H
    . First-in-man CD123-specific chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for the treatment of refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2015;126:3778-.
    OpenUrl
  41. 41.↵
    1. Frankel AE,
    2. Woo JH,
    3. Ahn C,
    4. Pemmaraju N,
    5. Medeiros BC,
    6. Carraway HE,
    7. et al.
    Activity of SL-401, a targeted therapy directed to interleukin-3 receptor, in blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm patients. Blood 2014;124:385–92.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
Back to top
View this article with LENS

Open full page PDF
Article Alerts
Email Article
Citation Tools
Characterization of SGN-CD123A, A Potent CD123-Directed Antibody–Drug Conjugate for Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Fu Li, May Kung Sutherland, Changpu Yu, Roland B. Walter, Lori Westendorf, John Valliere-Douglass, Lucy Pan, Ashley Cronkite, Django Sussman, Kerry Klussman, Michelle Ulrich, Martha E. Anderson, Ivan J. Stone, Weiping Zeng, Mechthild Jonas, Timothy S. Lewis, Maitrayee Goswami, Sa A. Wang, Peter D. Senter, Che-Leung Law, Eric J. Feldman and Dennis R. Benjamin
Mol Cancer Ther February 1 2018 (17) (2) 554-564; DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-17-0742
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo

Jump to section

Advertisement