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Research Articles: Therapeutics, Targets, and Development
The NC1 domain of type XIX collagen inhibits in vivo melanoma growth
1 Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 6198 2 Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologie, Faculté de Medecine; and 3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Formation de Recherche en Evolution (FRE) 2715: Isolation, Structure, Transformation et Synthèse de Substance Naturelles, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 53 Biomolécules, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
Requests for reprints: Laurent Ramont, Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Medecine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6198, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 53 Biomolecules, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, F-51095 Reims Cedex, France. Phone: 33-3-26-78-31-81; Fax: 33-3-26-78-85-39. E-mail: lramont{at}chu-reims.fr
Abstract
Type XIX collagen is a minor collagen that localizes to basement membrane zones, together with types IV, XV, and XVIII collagens. Because several NC1 COOH-terminal domains of other chains from basement membrane collagens were reported to exhibit antitumor activity, we decided to study the effects of the NC1(XIX) collagen domain on tumor progression using an experimental in vivo model of mouse melanoma. We observed a 70% reduction in tumor volume in NC1(XIX)-treated mice compared with the corresponding controls. Histologic examination of the tumors showed a strong decrease in tumor vascularization in treated mice. In vitro, NC1(XIX) inhibited the migrating capacity of tumor cells and their capacity to invade Matrigel. It also inhibited the capacity of human microvascular endothelial cells to form pseudotubes in Matrigel. This effect was accompanied by a strong inhibition of membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (matrix metalloproteinase-14) and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Collectively, our data indicate that the NC1 domain of type XIX collagen exerts antitumor activity. This effect is mediated by a strong inhibition of the invasive capacities of tumor cells and antiangiogenic effects. NC1(XIX) should now be considered as a new member of the basement membrane collagen-derived matrikine family with antitumor and antiangiogenic activity. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(2):506–14]
Introduction
Type XIX collagen is a minor collagen initially isolated from human rhabdomyosarcoma libraries (1, 2). It belongs to the fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helix collagen family (3). It is localized in the basement membrane zone of vascular, neuronal, mesenchymal, and epithelial tissues, associated with types IV, XV, and XVIII collagens (4, 5). The 
1(XIX) chain is constituted of a 268-residue NH2-terminal domain, an 858-residue discontinuous collagenous domain, and a short 19-residue COOH-terminal noncollagenous NC1 domain. It seems to be involved in muscle differentiation, esophageal muscle physiology, and morphogenesis, but other functions cannot be excluded (6, 7).
COOH-terminal NC1 domains of other basement membrane collagen chains were reported to exhibit antitumor activity and antiangiogenic properties. For instance, endostatin, the NC1 domain of 1(XVIII), restin, the NC1 domain of 1(XV), tumstatin, the NC1 domain of 3(IV), canstatin, the NC1 domain of 2(IV), and arresten, the NC1 domain of 1(IV) collagen chains were shown to control tumor development and/or angiogenesis in several experimental models (for review, see ref. 8).
Angiogenesis constitutes a crucial step for the development of solid tumors (9). The new vessels bring the nutriments necessary to tumor development. Tumor angiogenesis depends on an imbalance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors (10, 11). In addition, peptides generated by partial proteolysis of extracellular matrix macromolecules, also called matrikines or matricryptines, may be implied in this control (12, 13).
Extracellular matrix remodeling is essential for tumor cell migration and angiogenesis in tumor progression. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are the main enzymes implicated in this process (14). Membrane type-1 MMP (MT1-MMP or MMP-14), a membrane-anchored protease expressed by tumor and endothelial cells, plays a crucial role in cell migration (15). MT1-MMP not only degrades extracellular matrix but also controls the activation of other MMPs, particularly pro-MMP-2 (16, 17). MT1-MMP promotes tumor invasion and growth (18, 19). Moreover, this enzyme controls the migration of endothelial cells and promotes angiogenesis during tumor development (20, 21). Recently, MT1-MMP was shown to be involved in the control of neovascularization in physiologic conditions or in tumor invasion, independently of pro-MMP-2 activation (22). Overexpression of MT1-MMP was associated with an increase in in vivo tumor growth and vascularization in a melanoma model (23).
In this article, we decided to study the effects of the NC1(XIX) domain on tumor progression and angiogenesis in a mouse melanoma model. We showed that NC1(XIX) domain decreased in vivo tumor growth through an inhibition of melanoma cell invasive properties and tumor angiogenesis.
Materials and Methods
Reagents
Culture medium and molecular biology products were from Life Technologies (Invitrogen, Cergy Pontoise, France). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Matrigel (ECM gel) were purchased from Sigma (St. Quentin Fallavier, France). Rat anti-mouse CD31 was from PharMingen (distributed by BD Biosciences, Le Pont de Claix, France). Goat anti-mouse MT1-MMP, goat anti-mouse vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and goat anti-mouse actin (I-19) were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (distributed by Tebu, Le Perray-en-Yvelines, France). Rabbit anti-human MT1-MMP was from Chemicon (distributed by Euromedex, Souffelweyersheim, France).
Cell Cultures
B16F1 cells, a lung metastatic subline of murine B16 melanoma, were a generous gift from Dr. M. Grégoire (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale Unité Mixte de Recherche Scientifique 419, Nantes, France). They were grown in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum in 25-cm2 flasks (Nunclon, Dutscher, Brumath, France) at 37°C in a humid atmosphere (5% CO2, 95% air).
Human microvascular endothelial cells-1 (HMEC-1) were obtained from E.W. Ades (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA). They were cultured in endothelial cell growth medium (PromoCell, Heidelberg, Germany) supplemented with 0.4% (w/v) endothelial cell growth supplement/heparin, 5% (v/v) FCS, 10 ng/mL epidermal growth factor, 1 µg/mL hydrocortisone, and 50 ng/mL amphotericin B.
Peptides
The NC1(XIX) peptide, NPEDCLYPVSHAHQRTGGN, and the corresponding scrambled peptide, AGNEQPNYHSDPGTHLCRV, were obtained by solid-phase synthesis using an N-(9-fluorenyl)methoxycarbonyl derivative procedure. They were further purified by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with a C18 column eluted by a gradient of acetonitrile in trifluoroacetic acid and then lyophilized (24).
Animals
C57Bl6 mice (average body weight, 16–18 g) were purchased from Harlan France (Gannat, France). Animals were individually caged and given food and water ad libitum. They were kept in a room with constant temperature and humidity. All mice were acclimatized to our laboratory conditions for 1 week before starting the experiments. The in vivo experiments were conducted according to the ethical guidelines of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
In vivo Tumor Growth Measurement
A suspension of B16F1 cells (2.5 x 105 in 0.1 mL RPMI 1640) was s.c. injected into the left side of syngeneic C57Bl6 mice. Four types of experiments were done. In the first set of experiments, B16F1 cells were preincubated for 15 min with either RPMI (control), NC1(XIX) peptide (30 µmol/L), or the corresponding scrambled peptide at the same concentration before the initial injection. Control medium, NC1(XIX) peptide (2.5 mg/kg mouse weight), or scrambled peptide (2.5 mg/kg mouse weight) was then reinjected around the tumor at days 7 and 14. In the second set of experiments, preincubation of cells with NC1(XIX) was done but peritumoral injections at days 7 and 14 were omitted. In the third set of experiments, preincubation of B16F1 cells with NC1(XIX) was omitted and only peritumoral injection at days 7 and 14 were done. Finally, in the fourth set of experiments, control medium, NC1 1(XIX) (10 mg/kg mouse weight), or scrambled peptide (10 mg/kg mouse weight) was injected i.p. at days 10 and 15 after appearance of the tumor. In all these experiments, the groups contained six or seven mice. Tumor volumes were determined according to V = 1/2 A x B2, where A denotes the largest dimension of the tumor and B represents the smallest dimension (25). Tumor volume was measured on days 7, 14, 18, and 21. At day 21, mice were sacrificed and tumors were surgically extracted for morphologic and biochemical studies.
Tumor Extract Preparation
Tumors were surgically extracted at day 21 and homogenized in a Tris buffer [50 mmol/L Tris (pH 7.6), 0.5 mol/L NaCl, 0.1% SDS, 0.02% NaN3, 1 mmol/L phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 5 mmol/L EDTA, 1 mmol/L iodoacetamide] and proteins were quantified by the Bradford method (26).
Morphologic Studies
Tissue sections were cut at 5 µm and stained with hematein-erythrosin-safran for routine histologic analysis and by Masson trichrome for evaluating angiogenesis.
Immunohistochemical analysis for VEGF and MT1-MMP was done on paraffin-embedded 3-µm tissue sections from tumor specimens. The sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated, and treated in citrate buffer (pH 6.0), for antigen retrieval. They were treated for 10 min with 3% H2O2 in PBS to block endogenous peroxidases. For CD31 labeling, frozen tumor specimens were cut in 5-µm sections using a cryostat apparatus, put on a coated glass slide, and fixed in acetone. Sections were preincubated for 20 min with goat serum and incubated overnight at 4°C with a rat anti-mouse CD31, goat anti-mouse MT1-MMP antibody, or goat anti-mouse VEGF antibody followed by biotinylated rabbit anti-goat or anti-rat, peroxidase-labeled streptavidin, the peroxidase substrate 3-amino-9-ethyl-carbazole (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA), and H2O2, which gives a dark red reaction product. Tumor sections were counterstained with hematoxylin. Semiquantitative evaluation of VEGF and MT1-MMP expression was done by two independent pathologists. At least three different fields were counted in six or seven different tumors per group [control, NC1(XIX), or scrambled peptide]. Expression was graded from 0 to 3 according to the patterns as follows: 0, no positivity; +, faint labeling; ++, strong labeling; and +++, intense labeling. The number of fields classified in each group was considered for analysis of the data.
Cell Proliferation
For measuring cell proliferation, 10,000 cells were plated into 96-well plates and incubated for 24, 48, or 72 h with NC1(XIX) peptides in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum for B16F1 cell or in endothelial cell growth medium for HMEC-1. Cell proliferation was measured with colorimetric assay WST-1 (Roche Diagnostics, Meylan, France).
Cell Adhesion
For measuring cell adhesion, two types of experiments were done. In the first set of experiments, non-tissue culture plates were coated with Matrigel. Fifty thousand B16F1 cells per well were seeded into 96-well plates and incubated for 30 min. NC1(XIX) peptide (30 µmol/L) was added to the culture medium during the adhesion assay. In the second set of experiments, NC1(XIX) peptide or scrambled peptide was immobilized on 96-well plates at different concentrations (200 ng, 1 µg, and 10 µg per well). Fifty thousand B16F1 cells per well were seeded and incubated for 30 min. In all experiments, plastic was used as a positive control and BSA (1 or 10 µg per well) was used as a negative control. After several rinses, adhered cells were measured with colorimetric assay WST-1.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis was determined by fluorescent microscopy using cell staining with Hoechst 33342. After 4 h of exposure to NC1(XIX) or scrambled peptide (30 µmol/L), cell morphologic changes typical of apoptosis, such as chromatin condensation or fragmentation and nuclear shrinkage, were studied.
In vitro Migration and Invasion Assays
Migration and invasion were assayed in Transwell devices (Costar, distributed by Dutscher, Brumath, France). RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 2% BSA was used as a chemoattractant. Briefly, 40,000 cells were suspended in serum-free RPMI 1640 containing 0.2% BSA and seeded onto the Transwell membranes (6.5 mm in diameter and 8-µm pores) coated (invasion assay) or not (migration assay) with Matrigel (30 µg/cm2). After 24 or 48 h of incubation period for migration or invasion studies, respectively, cells were fixed with methanol and stained with crystal violet for 15 min. Cells remaining on the upper face of the membranes were scrapped and those on the lower face were counted using an inverted microscope.
Capillary Tube Formation on Matrigel
Matrigel (10 mg/mL) was added to a 24-well culture plate (200 µL per well). After 30 min of incubation at 37°C, 50,000 HMEC-1 cells were suspended in serum-free endothelial cell growth medium and seeded onto the gel. They were incubated with either control medium, NC1(XIX), or the corresponding scrambled peptide (30 µmol/L). Capillary tube formation was observed after 48 h. Semiquantitative evaluation of the capillary tubes was done after pixelization by determining the ratio of black pixels relative to the total pixels. Quantitative evaluation of the capillary tubes was further done by a second method using computer analysis ImageJ software for Windows (NIH, Bethesda, MD; ref. 27).
MT1-MMP Expression and Quantification
Western blot analysis was used to evaluate MT1-MMP expression by HMEC-1 and B16F1 cells. For that purpose, 50 µg proteins from cell membrane extracts were deposited into the gels, subjected to SDS-PAGE, and then transferred onto Immobilon-P membranes. Membranes were blocked by incubation with 5% nonfat dry milk, 0.1% Tween 20 in 50 mmol/L Tris-HCl buffer, and 150 mmol/L NaCl (pH 7.5) for 2 h at room temperature. They were incubated overnight with a rabbit anti-human MT1-MMP antibody and then for 1 h with the corresponding peroxidase-conjugated second antibody at room temperature. Immune complexes were visualized using the enhanced chemiluminescence detection kit (Amersham, Orsay, France).
Quantification of MT1-MMP activity was done using the Biotrak MT1-MMP activity assay (Amersham) according to the manufacturer's instruction.
Western Blot Analysis of VEGF Expression In vivo
Western blot analysis was used to evaluate VEGF expression in tumor extract preparation. For that purpose, tumors were surgically collected, and tumor extracts were prepared as described above. Fifty micrograms of proteins from tumor extracts were deposited on the gels, subjected to SDS-PAGE, then transferred onto Immobilon-P membranes. Membranes were blocked and incubated overnight with goat anti-mouse VEGF antibody or actin antibody and then for 1 h with the corresponding peroxidase-conjugated second antibody at room temperature. Immune complexes were visualized with the enhanced chemiluminescence detection kit.
Real-time Reverse Transcription-PCR Analyses
RNA isolation was done using the Qiagen RNeasy kit (Courtaboeuf, France) according to the manufacturer's instructions. cDNA was prepared from 1 µg of total RNA by reverse transcription. FastStart DNA Master Hybridization kit (Roche Diagnostics) was used for the PCR. The Roche Diagnostics LightCycler was used for amplification and data collection. The primers were 5'-cgggtgaggaataaccaagt-3' and 3'-ccagaagagagcagcatcaa-5' for MT1-MMP; 5'-attcctatgtgggcgacgag-3' and 3'-atggctggggtgttgaag-5' for ß-actin; and 5-'acgcatttggtcgtattggg-3' and 3'-tgattttggagggatctcgc-5' for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The denaturation step was 8 min at 94°C. The amplification step was 50 cycles of 95°C for 0 s, 60°C for 10 s, and 72°C for a time depending on the fragment length. Fluorescence acquisition was carried out at 72°C in single mode at the end of the elongation step. The fusion step was done at 65°C to 95°C (temperature transition 0.2°C/s) with stepwise fluorescence acquisition. Product specificity was evaluated by melting curve analysis and by electrophoresis in 2% agarose gel. Fluorescence was analyzed by the LightCycler Data Analysis software (Roche Diagnostics). Crossing points were established using the second derivative method. Results were expressed as the target/internal standard (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) concentration ratio of the sample divided by the target/internal standard concentration ratio of the calibrator.
Statistical Analyses
For in vitro experiments, statistical analyses were done by Student's t test and results expressed as mean ± SD. For in vivo experiments, volumes of primary tumors were statistically analyzed using the nonparametric U test of Mann and Whitney. Statistical analysis of the immunohistochemistry data was done using the 
2 test.
Results
NC1(XIX) Inhibits In vivo Tumor Growth
S.c. injection of B16F1 melanoma cells in C57Bl6 mice resulted in the development of a tumor at the injection site. Preincubation of melanoma cells with NC1(XIX) (30 µmol/L) followed by peritumoral injections of the peptide (2.5 mg/kg mouse weight) at days 7 and 14 significantly decreased tumor growth (Fig. 1A
). Tumor volume was significantly decreased as soon as day 14 compared with untreated (control) mice or with scrambled peptide–treated mice. The difference between control or scrambled-treated mice and NC1(XIX)-treated mice increased with time, so that tumor volume was decreased by 70% (P < 0.01) at day 21. Preincubation of melanoma cells with NC1(XIX) (30 µmol/L) without reinjections had no significant effect on tumor growth (Fig. 1B). When the preincubation of tumor cells with NC1(XIX) was omitted and only NC1(XIX) injections at days 7 and 14 were done, a strong inhibition of tumor growth was observed, nearly as intense as the full course treatment (–69%; P < 0.01; Fig. 1C). When the peptide was injected i.p. on days 10 and 15 after the appearance of the tumor, we also observed a strong reduction in tumor growth (–67%; P < 0.01) compared with the scrambled peptide or control medium (Fig. 1D).
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After 24 h (migration assay) or 48 h (invasion assay) in the absence (control) or presence of NC1(XIX) in the culture medium (30 µmol/L), migrated cells on the lower face of the membrane were counted. As shown in Fig. 3 , NC1(XIX) induced a significant reduction in tumor cell migration (–38%; P < 0.01) and Matrigel invasion (–48%; P < 0.002), whereas scrambled peptide at the same concentration had no significant effect.
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2 test (P < 0.001). Western blot analysis of the VEGF protein in tumor extracts showed a 65% (P < 0.01) decrease in the tumors treated with NC1(XIX) compared with control or scrambled peptide–treated tumors (Fig. 4C).
NC1(XIX) Decreases In vitro Pseudotube Formation by Endothelial Cells
To test the effects of NC1(XIX) on angiogenesis in vitro, HMEC-1 endothelial cells were seeded onto Matrigel and incubated for 24 h in serum-free endothelial cell growth medium supplemented or not with NC1(XIX) peptide or the scrambled peptide (30 µmol/L each).
The presence of NC1(XIX) strongly inhibited pseudotube formation compared with control or scrambled peptide–treated cultures (Fig. 5A ). Quantitative evaluation of the capillary tube number by two different methods (Fig. 5B) showed a 59% and 85% decrease (P < 0.01) in NC1(XIX)-incubated cultures compared with the control. The scrambled peptide had no significant effect. On the other hand, NC1(XIX) had no effect on endothelial cell proliferation in vitro (Fig. 5C). No morphologic changes typical of cell apoptosis, such as chromatin condensation or fragmentation and nuclear shrinkage, were observed in endothelial cells incubated with NC1(XIX) (data not shown).
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In vivo, immunohistochemical analysis of the tumors, using a specific anti-mouse MT1-MMP antibody (Fig. 6
), showed a strong (++) or intense (+++) MT1-MMP expression in most of the control (14 of 22) or scrambled peptide–treated (10 of 18) tumors. On the contrary, MT1-MMP expression was faint or absent in most of the NC1(XIX)-treated tumors (20 of 21). The differences were statistically significant when tested by the 2 test (P < 0.001). On the other hand, NC1(XIX) did not modify MT1-MMP expression by tumor cells in vitro (data not shown).
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Type XIX collagen is a minor collagen associated with the basement membrane area, together with types IV, XV, and XVIII collagens (4). It was initially characterized by its implication in muscle differentiation and morphogenesis (6, 7). This role, however, does not exclude other functions. Its basement membrane localization prompted us to hypothesize that, as it is the case for other basement membrane collagens, it might be involved in the control of tumor invasion and angiogenesis (4). In most of the already known basement membrane collagen chains, the COOH-terminal NC1 domain was shown to exhibit antitumor and/or antiangiogenic activity. This is the case for endostatin, restin, tumstatin, canstatin, and arresten, the NC1 domains of 1(XVIII), 1(XV), 3(IV), 2(IV), and 1(IV) collagen chains, respectively (8, 13). Considering these elements, we speculated that the NC1 domain of the 1(XIX) collagen chain could also be able to control tumor growth and/or angiogenesis.
To test this hypothesis, we used an experimental melanoma model obtained by s.c. injection of B16F1 melanoma cells in syngeneic C57Bl6 mice (28). In this model, injected mice develop a s.c. melanoma tumor whose volume may be easily measured. Our results show that a preincubation of melanoma cells with the NC1(XIX) peptide, followed by peritumoral reinjection of the peptide at days 7 and 14, strongly reduced tumor growth. The effect was at least as intense as that of tumstatin under the same conditions. Preincubation of melanoma cells with NC1(XIX) without peritumoral reinjections had no significant effect on tumor growth. When the initial preincubation between NC1(XIX) and tumor cells was omitted and only NC1(XIX) reinjections at days 7 and 14 were done, a strong inhibition of tumor growth was observed, nearly as intense as the full-course treatment. These results show that NC1(XIX) injections were more important than the initial preincubation for triggering tumor growth inhibition. We also observed a significant reduction in tumor growth in mice injected i.p. with 10 mg/kg NC1(XIX), without initial preincubation B16F1 cells with the peptide, showing that NC1(XIX) may also act systemically.
The antitumor activity of NC1(XIX) did not depend on an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in vitro. Nevertheless, NC1(XIX) strongly inhibited in vitro invasive properties of B16F1 melanoma cells, as shown by migration and invasion experiments. Similar effects were observed previously for the NC1 domain of 3(IV) collagen chain (29). Histologic examination of tumor sections showed that tumor angiogenesis was significantly decreased in treated mice. This effect might depend on a direct inhibition of neoangiogenesis by NC1(XIX), as suggested by its capacity to inhibit in vitro pseudotube formation by human microvascular endothelial cells. Similar effects were reported previously for endostatin and canstatin (30, 31). It does not seem, however, that NC1(XIX) is able to induce endothelial cell apoptosis, as it was reported previously for other angiogenesis inhibitors because no decrease of cell number was observed when human endothelial cells were cultured in the presence of the peptide (32). On the other hand, NC1(XIX) was able to decrease VEGF expression in tumors, which may contribute to the decreased tumor vascularization that we observed.
The inhibition of MT1-MMP expression and activity by NC1(XIX) is of particular interest. MT1-MMP is up-regulated in many tumor types and is critical for pericellular degradation of the extracellular matrix, both by direct degradation of several of its components and by activating pro-MMP-2 (17, 33). In addition, MT1-MMP seems to play a central role in tumor angiogenesis and its inhibition by specific antibodies or small interfering RNA is sufficient to inhibit angiogenesis (14, 20, 21, 34, 35). Moreover, MT1-MMP was shown to be able to up-regulate VEGF expression by human breast adenocarcinoma cells and human glioma cells (36, 37). Consequently, the inhibition of MT1-MMP by NC1(XIX) might, at least partially, explain its inhibitory effects on tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis (38).
The question may be asked how NC1(XIX) may affect the expression of MT1-MMP and VEGF. Previous works have shown that other peptides from the NC1 domain of basement membrane-associated collagens may bind to specific receptor(s) of endothelial or tumor cells and activate intracellular pathways that modulate the expression of specific genes. It was the case, for instance, for endostatin, which was shown to decrease VEGF expression at the transcriptional level (39). NC1(XIX) might act similarly to endostatin. Further experiments will be, however, necessary to elucidate the intracellular signaling triggered by NC1(XIX).
Collectively, our results show that the COOH-terminal NC1 domain of human type XIX collagen exhibits antitumor properties, both in vitro and in vivo. Explaining the physiologic significance of these findings will need further investigation. We suggest, however, that the anticancer properties of the NC1(XIX) peptide could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies in malignant diseases.
Acknowledgments
We thank Dominique Patigny, Hervé Kaplan, and Laurence Schneider for their technical expertise.
Footnotes
Grant support: Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, the Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer (Comité de la Haute Marne), the Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer, and the Canceropole Grand Est.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Received 4/14/06; revised 11/14/06; accepted 12/21/06.
References
1 (XIX) collagen (COL19A1) on 6912–14 in human. Genomics 1992;13:884–6.[CrossRef][Medline] Myers JC, Sun MJ, D'Ippolito JA, Jabs EJ, Neilson EG, Dion AS. Human cDNA clones transcribed from an unusually high-molecular weight encode a new collagen chain. Gene 1993;123:211–7.[CrossRef][Medline] Inoguchi K, Yoshioka H, Khaleduzzaman M, Ninomiya Y. The mRNA for 1(XIX) collagen chain, a new member of FACITs, contains a long unusual 3' untranslated region and displays many unique splicing variants. J Biochem 1995;117:137–46.1(XIX) collagen gene (Col19a1) during mouse embryogenesis becomes restricted to a few tissues in the adult organism. J Biol Chem 1997;272:17104–11.Vß3 correlates with activation of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MT1-MMP) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 in human melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cancer 2000;87:12–9.[CrossRef][Medline] Kurschat P, Zigrino P, Nischt R, et al. Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 regulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 activation by modulation of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase activity in high and low invasive melanoma cell lines. J Biol Chem 1999;274:21056–62.3(IV) chain of type IV collagen inhibits expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinases by tumor cells. Cancer Res 2000;60:467–73.
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), the scrambled peptide (
), or RPMI 1640 alone (controls; 
). A, B16F1 cells were preincubated for 15 min with either control medium, NC1(XIX) peptide (30 µmol/L), or the scrambled peptide (30 µmol/L) before s.c. injection. Control medium, NC1 
, cell preincubation; 
, peptide injection. Points, mean; bars, SD; *, P < 0.01, significantly different from control; **, P < 0.001 significantly different from control.
