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Research Articles: Development

Organ-specific expression profiles of rat mammary gland, liver, and lung tissues treated with targretin, 9-cis retinoic acid, and 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide

¹ Department of Surgery and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; ² Chemoprevention Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and ³ Chemoprevention Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland

Requests for reprints: Ming You, Department of Surgery and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Campus Box 8109, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South, Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110. Phone: 314-362-8315; Fax: 314-362-9366. E-mail: youm{at}wustl.edu

Abstract

A rexinoid, targretin, and two retinoids, 9-cis retinoic acid (9cRA) and 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide (4HPR), were examined for their effects on gene expression in rat mammary gland, liver, and lung tissues. The chemopreventive effects of these agents have largely been attributed to their ability to interact with retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and/or retinoid X receptors (RXR). Targretin interacts with the RXR receptors. 9cRA interacts with both the RAR and RXR receptors, whereas 4HPR has a moderate affinity primarily for RAR . Based on previous studies on mammary chemoprevention, targretin (150 mg/kg diet), 9cRA (100 mg/kg diet), and 4HPR (782 mg/kg diet), were administered to rats continually in their diet for 7 days. Tissue- and agent-specific expression differences were determined by comparing tissues from treated rats with those from rats given a control diet. There were significantly more changes associated with targretin than 9cRA or 4HPR. Only a limited number of expression changes were found with 4HPR treatment. For each organ, targretin- and 9cRA-treated tissues clustered closely together, whereas 4HPR-treated tissues clustered with the tissues from the control diet group. In contrast to 9cRA treatment, targretin treatment altered genes that involved fatty acid metabolism and modulation of various cytochromes P450 in the liver, clearly demonstrating the very disparate nature of these two retinoids. These expression signatures could provide useful pharmacodynamic biomarkers for retinoid treatment and chemoprevention. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(4):1060–72]

Grant support: National Cancer Institute, NIH (N01-CN-25018-72).

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

⁴ Grubbs, unpublished data.

⁵ Wang and Yao, unpublished data.

Received 8/12/05; revised 1/ 3/06; accepted 1/25/06.