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Mol Cancer Ther. 2003;2:1023-1029
© 2003 American Association for Cancer Research

Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1: A novel biomarker for p53 pathway activation

Hong Yang1, Zoran Filipovic1, David Brown2, Samuel N. Breit2 and Lyubomir T. Vassilev1

1 Discovery Oncology, Roche Research Center, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ, 2 Centre for Immunology, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Requests for reprints:Lyubomir T. Vassilev, Discovery Oncology, Roche Research Center, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110. Phone: (973) 235-8106; Fax: (973) 235-6185. E-mail: lyubomir.vassilev{at}roche.com

The p53 tumor suppressor protein plays a key function in the cellular response to stress by activating a subset of genes responsible for cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Activation of the p53 pathway in tumor cells has been proposed as a novel approach to cancer therapy and substantial efforts have been dedicated to the discovery of pharmacological p53 activators. Here, we show that the transforming growth factor-ß superfamily cytokine, macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), can serve as a secreted biomarker for activation of p53 in both cellular and xenograft models of human cancer. Using doxorubicin treatment in the HCT116 colon cancer cell line, we have shown that MIC-1 secretion into culture media is correlated with p53 pathway activation as measured by the up-regulation of its downstream transcriptional target p21. When transplanted into nude mice, HCT116 cells continued to secret human MIC-1 and mouse plasma levels correlated well with tumor volume. Treatment of these animals with a single dose of doxorubicin led to activation of the p53 pathway and a nearly 4-fold elevation of the plasma MIC-1 level, which was paralleled by p21 induction in the tumor xenografts. Estimation of MIC-1 concentration, both in vivo and in vitro, represents a novel tool for the study of p53 pathway and development of p53-activating therapeutics.


The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Grant Support:National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia; St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney; Meriton Apartments Pty Ltd. through an R&D syndicate arranged by Macquarie Bank Limited; and New South Wales Health Research and Development Infrastructure.

Received 3/13/03; revised 7/25/03; accepted 7/31/03.




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Copyright © 2003 by the American Association for Cancer Research.